Enzymes notes
H1. ENZYME TERMINOLOGY
A. Enzymes:
- A Protein that speeds up a chemical reaction
- No cell reaction will occur without its specific enzyme
Metabolism:
- the total rate of all chemical reactions in a cell body.
Substrate:
- the starting chemicals that the enzyme works on.
- "Starting Compounds"
- reactants
B. Coenzyme:
- smaller non-protein part of an enzyme required in order to make an enzyme active *usually vitamins *
A. Enzymes:
- A Protein that speeds up a chemical reaction
- No cell reaction will occur without its specific enzyme
Metabolism:
- the total rate of all chemical reactions in a cell body.
Substrate:
- the starting chemicals that the enzyme works on.
- "Starting Compounds"
- reactants
B. Coenzyme:
- smaller non-protein part of an enzyme required in order to make an enzyme active *usually vitamins *
C. Activation Energy:
- An enzyme lowers the amount of energy (EA or Activation Energy) needed for the reaction to occur.
ex: Reactions that occur at 100C can occur at 37C with the use of an enzyme
H2. THYROXIN
Thyroxin is a hormone produced in the Thyroid gland (neck) that controls the metabolic rate (rate of the chem. reactions in the cell) in all the cells in your body. The more thyroxin present the greater the metabolic rate. This will increase sugar and oxygen consumption and also creates more body heat.
ex: Reactions that occur at 100C can occur at 37C with the use of an enzyme
H2. THYROXIN
Thyroxin is a hormone produced in the Thyroid gland (neck) that controls the metabolic rate (rate of the chem. reactions in the cell) in all the cells in your body. The more thyroxin present the greater the metabolic rate. This will increase sugar and oxygen consumption and also creates more body heat.
H3. LOCK AND KEY MODEL
H4. & H5. VITAMINS AS CO-ENZYMES
Usually work as coenzymes - small pieces that fit into an inactive enzyme to make it active.
See H.1
H6. ENZYME ACTIVITY
A. Competetive Inhibitors
- a molecule that mimics the substrate
- fits into the active site and stops the enzyme's active ability
- they compete for the active site with the substrate
- "Competive Inhibitors"
- some inhibitors are permanent
- CO (Carbon Monoxide)
- Hydrogen Cyanide
- Nerve Gas
- some inhibitors are temporary, therefore, controlling the inhibitors controls the enzyme.
B. Affects of pH and Temperature
- crosslinks between amino acids in the enzyme are broken, tertiary shape is altered.
- The enzyme loses its activity.
Factors:
pH : certain enzymes work best only at specific pH levels. Any change from that level denatures the enzyme.
Temp .:37C is optimum for human enzymes
>40C: some enzymes begin to denature, reaction slows or stops.
At low temperature, there are fewer number of collisions between the substrate and the enzyme, which will decrease the reaction rate.
Heavy metals : Mercury, lead break bonds between R groups and denature the enzymes
Substrate concentration : As a rule, if you increase substrate concentration (the amount of starting compound), as long as enough enzyme is present, the rate of reaction will increase. This will occur until the point that the enzyme is overwhelmed (too much substrate) at which time the rate of reaction will level off. In order to increase the rate of reaction at this point, more enzyme must be added.
Usually work as coenzymes - small pieces that fit into an inactive enzyme to make it active.
See H.1
H6. ENZYME ACTIVITY
A. Competetive Inhibitors
- a molecule that mimics the substrate
- fits into the active site and stops the enzyme's active ability
- they compete for the active site with the substrate
- "Competive Inhibitors"
- some inhibitors are permanent
- CO (Carbon Monoxide)
- Hydrogen Cyanide
- Nerve Gas
- some inhibitors are temporary, therefore, controlling the inhibitors controls the enzyme.
B. Affects of pH and Temperature
- crosslinks between amino acids in the enzyme are broken, tertiary shape is altered.
- The enzyme loses its activity.
Factors:
pH : certain enzymes work best only at specific pH levels. Any change from that level denatures the enzyme.
Temp .:37C is optimum for human enzymes
>40C: some enzymes begin to denature, reaction slows or stops.
At low temperature, there are fewer number of collisions between the substrate and the enzyme, which will decrease the reaction rate.
Heavy metals : Mercury, lead break bonds between R groups and denature the enzymes
Substrate concentration : As a rule, if you increase substrate concentration (the amount of starting compound), as long as enough enzyme is present, the rate of reaction will increase. This will occur until the point that the enzyme is overwhelmed (too much substrate) at which time the rate of reaction will level off. In order to increase the rate of reaction at this point, more enzyme must be added.
Enzymes usually have very specific ranges (temp. pH etc.) under which they work efficiently.
H. 7 EXPERIMENT A Biological experiment tests a hypothesis (an educated guess, or tentative solution to a question. It almost always has a control (a baseline or comparison point).
H. 7 EXPERIMENT A Biological experiment tests a hypothesis (an educated guess, or tentative solution to a question. It almost always has a control (a baseline or comparison point).