Protein notes
C.9 AMINO ACIDS
- Proteins are chains of Amino Acids
- Proteins are chains of Amino Acids
The R - group can vary from a a single Hydrogen atom (H) to a complicated ring structure
Peptide Bond - the bond linking 2 amino acids forming a Dipeptide
- H2O given off (dehydrolysis) to form this bond
Peptide Bond - the bond linking 2 amino acids forming a Dipeptide
- H2O given off (dehydrolysis) to form this bond
H2O is removed - bond between C and N forms
A PEPTIDE BOND
2 Amino acids linked together -- Di peptide
3 Amino acids linked together -- Tri peptide
Many Amino acids linked together -- Poly peptide
(30 to 30,000 amino acids)
C10. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARYY & QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
This simple chain is called the primary structure of a protein. It is simply the order of amino acids.
Secondary Structure:
- Hydrogen bonds form between the H on the Amino group and the =O in the acid group of close amino acids to twist the first structure into a spiral.
A PEPTIDE BOND
2 Amino acids linked together -- Di peptide
3 Amino acids linked together -- Tri peptide
Many Amino acids linked together -- Poly peptide
(30 to 30,000 amino acids)
C10. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARYY & QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
This simple chain is called the primary structure of a protein. It is simply the order of amino acids.
Secondary Structure:
- Hydrogen bonds form between the H on the Amino group and the =O in the acid group of close amino acids to twist the first structure into a spiral.
Secondary: (coiling due to H bonds)
Tertiary Structure:
- The spiral strand folds into a specific shape, due to various kinds of bonds between 'R' Groups.
- Gives the protein its specific function
-Spiral 2 structure=Spiral Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure:
- The spiral strand folds into a specific shape, due to various kinds of bonds between 'R' Groups.
- Gives the protein its specific function
-Spiral 2 structure=Spiral Secondary Structure
Quaternary structure
- some proteins (fairly often) are actually 2 or more molecules (tert. structure) joined to form a functional protein
eg) Insulin - 2 subunits (poly peptides)
Hemoglobin - 3 subunits
Collagen - 3 helical subunits coiled together
Denaturing:
- loss of protein's tertiary structure by breaking R group bonds
- protein loses function, becoming useless
- heat, chemicals, pH
- egg white cooked
- heavy metals (mercury, lead etc.) bind preferentially with the S in Cystine, breaking the tertiary structure.
C11. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
- polymers of amino acids
- have 2 major functions
I) Structural
- large proteins are important
- muscle, tendon, cartillage, hair etc.
Keratin -- hair, nails
Collagen -- cartilage, tendons
Actin, Myosin -- muscle tissue
II) Enzymes
- very important
- are Catalysts:
-speed up reactions, and allow to happen at a lower temperature
- therefore control all cell activity
C.12 ATP
- some proteins (fairly often) are actually 2 or more molecules (tert. structure) joined to form a functional protein
eg) Insulin - 2 subunits (poly peptides)
Hemoglobin - 3 subunits
Collagen - 3 helical subunits coiled together
Denaturing:
- loss of protein's tertiary structure by breaking R group bonds
- protein loses function, becoming useless
- heat, chemicals, pH
- egg white cooked
- heavy metals (mercury, lead etc.) bind preferentially with the S in Cystine, breaking the tertiary structure.
C11. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
- polymers of amino acids
- have 2 major functions
I) Structural
- large proteins are important
- muscle, tendon, cartillage, hair etc.
Keratin -- hair, nails
Collagen -- cartilage, tendons
Actin, Myosin -- muscle tissue
II) Enzymes
- very important
- are Catalysts:
-speed up reactions, and allow to happen at a lower temperature
- therefore control all cell activity
C.12 ATP
ATP - The transport form of enery throughout the cell is done by a molecule called Adenosine Triphosphate
- there is an energy rich bond between the 2nd and the 3rd phosphorous
- when it is broken, a large amount of useful energy is released.
A - P - P P A - P - P + Pi + Energy
ATP ADP (Pi = inorganic)
- ATP is made from ADP + Pi in the mitchocondria
- there is an energy rich bond between the 2nd and the 3rd phosphorous
- when it is broken, a large amount of useful energy is released.
A - P - P P A - P - P + Pi + Energy
ATP ADP (Pi = inorganic)
- ATP is made from ADP + Pi in the mitchocondria